Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. . Spruance's seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, three other destroyers, and the battleship Mississippi. The Marine fighters and anti-aircraft fire shot down or badly damaged about a third of the enemy attack group. He is responsible for the Japanese battle plan to attack Midway and the Aleutian Islands. At the crucial Battle of Midway, your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation. At 10.26am on 4 June 1942 the course of World War Two in the Pacific changed utterly. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. "Admiral Raymond Spruance". King said to him "Spruance, you did a damn fine job there. He remained in the position only briefly as he accepted a posting as President of the Naval War College on February 1, 1946. He graduated from Shortridge High School and went on to the U.S. The main auditorium of the U.S. He was modest and candid about himself. All three were eventually scuttled. [9] On the other hand, commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester Nimitz knew he must intercept the Japanese invasion fleet, and that he must give battle to the enemy aircraft carriers before they could project their overwhelming power against the naval air station at Midway. Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. The defenders fought fiercely but were unable to inflict any damage on the U.S. vessels. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. The Saipan campaign began with air attacks on June 10, 1944. His tour of sea duty ended in 1921, and he spent the next three years with the Navy Departments Bureau of Engineering and the Doctrine of Aircraft board. He never did things the same way twice. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II. At the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese won a tactical victory, but suffered an operational-level defeat: it did not invade Port . Falling ill with shingles, Halsey recommended that Spruance lead Task Force 16, centered on the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8), in his stead. In the seven-week campaign, 55 Japanese ships were sunk, five probably sunk and 74 damaged. The airstrips in the Gilberts were put to good use two months later when they were used in the invasion of Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. "[16] Both Fletcher and Nimitz recommended Spruance for the Distinguished Service Medal for his role in the battle. Kwajalein was in American hands, but the rest of the Marshalls groupabout 30 islands and more than 800 reefs scattered over hundreds of miles of oceanremained to be dealt with. But his service was not yet finished. In May 1942, intelligence suggested that the Japanese were planning on assaulting Midway Island. Japanese Admiral in command of the second division of the carrier strike force based on Aircraft Carrier IJN Hiryu. At the end of the Second World War Congress created a limited number of five-star ranks for the Army and the Navy, designated General of the Army and Fleet Admiral. Japanese fleet under the direct command of Admiral Yamamoto with over 5 battleships and escort carrier Hosho. Fifteen Buffaloes and two Wildcats were lost, but the garrisons anti-aircraft fire was effective. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. That achievement brought praise from Churchill, who wrote to Navy Secretary James Forrestal, Admiral Spruance is again to be congratulated for another fine job. Why was Chester W Nimitz important? With their 233 planes and crews at the ready, the three U.S. flattops were stationed well north of Midway, out of sight of enemy reconnaissance planes. The American offensive in the Pacific theater was now enjoying considerable momentum, aided in no small measure by Rear Adm. Marc Mitschers Task Force 58, the most powerful and destructive unit in the history of sea warfare. The Eastern Orthodox Church developed from the church in Constantinople. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. He advanced quickly through the ranks, becoming an admiral in 1944. He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. Flagship of Task Force 16 under the command of Raymond Spruance. He was commissioned an ensign in 1908, and during a tour of shore duty he took a postgraduate course in electrical engineering in Schenectady, N.Y. His torpedo bombershaving switched to bombs for the attack on Midwaywere away, and most of his protective fighters were out on patrol. In July 1907 he transferred to the battleship Minnesota and was aboard her during the historic around the world cruise of the Great White Fleet from 1907 to 1909. Graduating from Annapolis three years later, he served two years at sea before receiving his commission as an ensign on September 13, 1908. 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. It is regrettable that, owing to Spruances innate modesty and his refusal to create an image of himself in the public eye, he was never properly appreciated. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: "Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. Moving forward in mid-1944, Spruance embarked on a campaign in the Marianas Islands. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. He never smoked, and drank little. serious damage on the islands installations. Spruance's first duty assignment was aboard the battleship USSIowa, an 11,400 ton veteran of the SpanishAmerican War. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. 108 planes under Juichi Tomanaga bomb and strafe Midway. To the Aleutians, the Japanese dispatched an invasion task force of three transports carrying 2,400 troops, supported by two heavy cruisers, a two-carrier support force and a covering group of four battleships. Spruance was about to face the sternest test in his long, distinguished career. When Nimitz named him commander of the disputed Central Pacific Area, this made him responsible for the planning and execution of the attack on the Gilbert Islands in November 1943. The American toll was 1,100 dead and almost 2,300 wounded. Both commanders hoped for a classic battle with the Imperial Japanese Navy, but only Mitschers carrier planes were able to reach the enemy. Following a stint aboard USS Cincinnati, Spruance was made commander of the destroyer USS Bainbridge in March 1913 with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade). Aboard the Japanese flattops, many torpedo-carrying planes were waiting for fighters to take off as the American planes dived. When she went to sea in 1916, he went with her. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. He disliked personal publicity and had a reputation for freezing reporters who invaded his privacy. D. Suburban America, 100 POINTS! When Vice Adm. Bull Halsey was confined to a hospital with a skin disease, Pacific Fleet Commander Nimitz appointed Spruance to succeed him as commander of Task Force 16. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Morisons text refers to Spruance, victor at Midway. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. Spruance expressed his personal feelings on this matter as follows: So far as my getting five star rank is concerned, if I could have got it along with Bill Halsey, that would have been fine; but, if I had received it instead of Bill Halsey, I would have been very unhappy over it. He readied himself at Stevens Preparatory School in Hoboken, N.J., and entered Annapolis in July 1903 at age 17. Moving into position near Midway, Spruance's force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher's TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5). D. The Pope lived in Constantinople. In May 1914, Spruance received a posting as Assistant to the Inspector of Machinery at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. A squadron of US Dive bombers which had arrived late after getting lost ambush the Japanese carriers bombing and resulting in the sinking of three out of four carriers. Japanese propagandists pointed to their success in the Aleutians to offset the defeat at Midway, but actually the Aleutians were of little strategic value. 2015. Spruance became Commander of the 5th Fleet in November 1943, which presented him with command of the Central Pacific Forces. McClusky led one squadron, VB-6, against the carrier Kaga, while the other Enterprise squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, Akagi. In 1949, naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison noted that Spruance was subjected to criticism for not pursuing the retreating Japanese and allowing the surface fleet to escape. Though the fourth, Hiryu, managed to launch bombers which caused critical damage to Yorktown, it too was sunk when American aircraft returned later in the day. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz called him a fine man, a sterling character, and a great leader, and said, nothing you can say about him would be praise enough. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. During this period, Spruance served aboard USS Minnesota (BB-22) during the cruise of the Great White Fleet. As part of this reorganization, the force became known as the Fifth Fleet when Spruance was in charge and the Third Fleet when Halsey was in command. Mounting a tenacious defense, the Japanese held out for over a month. Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 August 1942". The Battle of Midway was the first major victory for the United States over Japan and is seen by many as . For his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, Spruance was awarded the Navy Cross. On April 22, Task Force 58s guns and planes supported the U.S. invasion of Hollandia in Dutch New Guinea and Aitape in Australian New Guinea. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. His steady rise, according to Newsweek magazine, has borne the imprint of his personalityunobtrusive but undeviating. Successfully concluding operations, Spruance was promoted to admiral in February. edward dean spruancegarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by By shortly after 9 a.m., planes from Yorktown were also on their way. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. Spruances performance at Midway so impressed Admiral Nimitz that he made him his chief of staff. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. Flagship of Kakuta. However, Spruances fleet was also charged with guarding the amphibious landings at Saipan and Tinian. Admiral Ernest J. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. The U.S. casualties were 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and damage to four warships. Raymond Ames Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Spruance, but grew up in Indianapolis. At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. On October 16, 1946, the former Secretary of War, Robert P. Patterson, presented the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Admiral Spruance, with citation as follows: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, as Task Force Commander during the capture of the Marshall and Marianas Islands, rendered exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services from January to June 1944. It Didnt End Well. The Japanese planned to outwit the U.S. forces at Midway. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. 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