rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain, Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Which commander is known as Barbarossa? Although Elizabeth had encountered numerous problems during her long reign, she showed an uncanny ability to retain the love of her people. When King Philip III died in 1621, the decline of Spain was becoming more evident. MadLife. They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. The child king was placed in the Tower of London along with his brother; those who had opposed Richard were executed. Table of Contents show. Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding In 1639 a French army invaded Catalonia, and in 1641 the Catalonians declared their independence from Spain and gave their allegiance to King Louis XIII of France. Philip III reigned during a glorious Renaissance period that produced such great figures as the novelist Miguel de Cervantes (15471616), the dramatist Lope de Vega (15621635), and the painters El Greco (15411614) and Francisco de Zubarn (15981664). Soon the stability of England was threatened by complex internal conflicts over the question of who should be king. Once an answer is selected, it cannot be changed. democratic rule. Monarchies used to rule the world. Ferdinand and Isabella first waged war against the Moorish kingdom of Granada, on the southern end of the peninsula. In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. successor to the throne. The revised Book of Common Prayer regarded communion as simply a reenactment of the Last Supper, the final meal that Christ shared with his disciples, or followers. Its significance goes far beyond its role in a few centuries in the European Middle Ages, however. T o F, the rise of the Ottoman Turks' empire between the thirteenth and fifteenth century and more. Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. In 1621, however, Parliament reconvened in order to vote funds to aid Frederick V of Bohemia (15961632). Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. This movement, led by Hugh O'Neill (c. 15401616), earl of Tyrone, was designed to gain Irish independence from England. Many people supported Mary's restoration of the Catholic faith, believing that Edward's reign had gone too far in abolishing cherished ceremonies and beliefs. After receiving a tremendous ransom for the emperor's release, Pizarro murdered Atahuallpa, then claimed the Inca empire for Spain, killing all the Inca who did not cooperate. Best Commanders Tier List - Updated with new Commanders. The Spanish king, Ferdinand II of Aragon, had conquered and an nexed the small kingdom of Navarre, situated between France and Spain on the Bay of Biscay (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Reliable maps of the known world, which previously had been closely guarded as state secrets, were becoming available to seafarers. They did not inflict any serious damage, so on August 6 the Armada anchored at Calais (a French town on the Strait of Dover on the Channel) to await reinforcements. After the Portuguese defeated the Spanish in a war over the throne in 1385, John established a political alliance with England under the Treaty of Windsor (1386) that has endured to the present day. Henry finally had a male heir in 1537, when his third wife, Jane Seymour (c. 15091537), gave birth to their son Edward. The king was competing with Francis I of France and Charles I of Spain for the coveted position of emperor (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Shortly after the new monarchs reached Spain in 1506, Philip suddenly died. Moorish architects renewed cities with intricately decorated mosques, lush gardens, and paved streets. Charles also had to declare Henry and Henry's descendants heirs to the French crown. One of the first to seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, an Italian navigator financed by King Henry VII of England. Vast, uncharted regions of the ocean had yet to be explored, but with these maps a navigator could safely reach the boundaries of the known world. In 1429 the country was dramatically energized by Joan of Arc (c. 14121431), who was known as the Maid of Orlans. Ivan the Terrible. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. The light and quick English ships also had the advantage of being able to outmaneuver the bulky Spanish galleons. Trait 1: +3% Troop Health. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. The execution of the Catholic queen was a signal to Philip that he must seize the throne of England. England was also dragged into several unsuccessful naval campaigns against Spain and France during the course of the Thirty Years' War. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. The result was absolute chaos, as leaders of states vied for more power and larger territories. It was the first grammar school to provide rigorous instruction in the classical languages. Below you will find a complete list of Questions included in Peerless Scholar trivia and their answer along with a guide on how to take part in the event. In 1580 and 1581, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and acquired its empire. Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, was named Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1558. Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Establishes Anglican Church Henry VIII is best known today for establish ing the Anglican Church (Church of England) after the pope refused to let him get a divorce from his first wife. But in May 1527, Charles's soldiers made a massive assault on the city and caused extensive damage. In 1356 French forces were defeated at Poitiers. Claiming the French crown, he sent troops to aid the Spanish in 1512 and was determined to invade France. The emperor now controlled Rome and had power over the pope. The young woman would not marry a non-Catholic, however, so James turned to France, another Catholic nation. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. His advisers also needed to pay back a loan of 850,000 florins (the Italian unit of currency) they had received from Jacob Fugger (14591525), a wealthy German banker. Protestantism now reached its highest point in English history. Many Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland, and only half of the Armada eventually returned to Spain. Prince Henry the Navigator (13941460), a son of John I, founded a nautical school at Sagres, where he gathered the world' best navigators, mapmakers, geographers, and astronomers. He firmly established the strength of the monarchy by enforcing his royal powers. power of the great feudal lords. Practicing Jews were segregated and forced to wear an identifying badge. In 1563 and 1565, Philip's troops managed to repel Turkish attacks on Oran, a port city in Algeria, and on the island of Malta, a Spanish stronghold in the Mediterranean near Sicily. Much like moder. During the Inquisition thousands of non-Christians were killed by mobs, while thousands more tried to save their own lives by converting to Christianity. During the invasion Charles's troops had sacked Rome and stormed Clement's residence. They also founded Portugal's overseas provinces in western and eastern Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Brazil and poured the vast riches of the empire into the homeland. The marriage contract stated that Ferdinand and Isabella would rule their own kingdoms and that Aragon and Castile were not to be merged. limit their power. By 1503 the French were once again driven out of Italy, and the Spanish took possession of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Many Moriscos paid considerable sums of money to Catholic Church officials so they could stay in the country. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. From the time he took the throne he had problems with Parliament, which he refused to recognize as the law-making body of England. In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. Following Mary' death, Philip II had suggested that he marry Eliza beth. Half of the Armada was lost and so was Philip's dream of making England into a Catholic province. Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. Introduction. He was put on trial and sentenced to death. But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. Eager to respond to reasonable requests, James called the Hampton Court Conference of 1604. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Charles's spokesmen claimed the troops had moved on Rome against The English Protestant queen, Elizabeth I, was worried about the Catholic advance in the Low Countries. He was not interested in intellectual affairs, though his mother, Margaret Beaufort (14431509), countess of Richmond and Derby, did provide patronage for In the years after that, they were even better. He reached the continent in November. By the mid-1500s, between 350,000 and 400,000 Moriscos were living in the Spanish provinces. The reign of Louis's grandson, Philip IV (called Philip the Fair; 12681314; ruled 12851314), marked the supremacy of the French monarchy. Elyot's dictionary (1538) was the first to provide English equivalents for all the words in the classical Latin vocabulary. . The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. When Essex returned to England, Elizabeth reluctantly withdrew her patronage from him. Between 10,000 and 14,000 Frenchmen died, and many others were taken prisoner, including Francis himself. the emperor's wishes. The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. In 1328 his nephew, Philip VI (12931350; ruled 132850), took the throne as the first king from the Valois (pronounced val-WAH) family, a branch of the Capetians. Henry had named a large council of regents to rule England until Edward was old enough to be king. Unable to capture Paris by force, Henry embraced Catholicism in 1593 and entered the city peacefully the following year. Charles had firmly consolidated Leaders of both the nobility and the middle class feared that their property would be seized by government forces, so they had lost the motivation to champion their political cause. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? By this time most Spaniards were having second thoughts about the new king: Charles had never been to their country, and he could not even speak Spanish. Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII (14621515; ruled 14981515), joined Swiss troops and Ferdinand of Aragon to overthrow Sforza rule in Naples. It also extended south and west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Ferdinand and Isabella also took over a municipal league known as the Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood), which had provided mutual assistance and protection to its members for several centuries. Although it was called the King James Bible, James himself had little to. The Spanish won two battles at Genoa and were victorious at nearby Savona and at Aversa in the south. Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. A learned man himself, James wrote two studies of political theory, The True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) and Baslikon doron ("Royal gift"; 1599). Questions 1 - 5 are on a 15 second timer, questions 6 - 10 are. For example, the magnetic compass and other advances made it possible for navigators, who had previously been forced to rely on the Sun and the stars, to travel in bad weather and poor climates. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. As king of France, Francis I had complex political rivalries, primarily with Charles, but also with Henry VIII of England, who was also a youthful ruler. He marched his army through Mexico in 1519 to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln (modern-day Mexico City). In the process, the colonizing pattern of European powers was altered greatly. This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. Adrian sent a royal army to put down the revolt. Henry declined to join the French effort. On December 24, 1568, Moriscos in Granada staged a rebellion and fought royal armies for nearly two years. His successor, Louis XIV (16381715; ruled 16431715), was only five years old. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. In 1560 the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the Turks. Both Katherine The ships would stop off the coast of Flanders and pick up the 22,000-man army headed by the duke of Parma. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler, gave gifts of gold and silver as peace offerings. The Mongolian empire fell apart at the end of the fourteenth century, and the rulers of the Persian and Muslim kingdoms closest to Europe no longer gave outsiders access to their territory. Charles received funding for both the trip and the bribe. Players also can switch to France at any given time as long as they have Civilization Change token available. At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. Many of the Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland. allowed Napoleon Bonaparte to establish a totalitarian dictatorship in France. Christians were becoming impatient because only a few Moriscos had actually converted. The Kingdom of Italy was created in. In August, sailing against strong winds, the Armada began moving up the English Channel toward Flanders. Although they appreciated his will to resist the mighty Spanish kingdom, they felt that Francis was committing heresy by allying with what Christians considered "infidel" Turks to slaughter fellow Christians. The map shows Italy in the early 19th century. Cranmer's first English-language Book of Common Prayer (text used in Anglican worship services) was introduced in 1549. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? For a time Jews' property was seized, but they did not receive any further punishment. and the southwestern United States. One of his first acts was to execute 270 people who had been involved in the Comuneros revolt. But Essex botched the job miserably. One by one the Spanish ships broke their cables and headed for open water. Encyclopedia.com. This success was due to able military leadership, development of a full-time professional army, and a taxation system that supported the army. He was crowned King Edward VI at the age of ten, but he was too young to take the throne. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. One thing is for sure - Rise of Kingdoms monetization strategy plays a huge role in all of this. Driven by increasing prosperity, the emerging powers of northwestern EuropeEngland, France, and the Netherlandsdecided to invest in exploration. Under her command, the French won several important battles. But Medina-Sidonia made a fatal mistake on the night of August 7. Great Britain was born on the first of May, 310 years ago. The enormous strain of directing such a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles. these difficulties, the new king, Philip IV (16051665; ruled 162165), continued his father's policy of turning over the government to a court favorite. Specifically, the issue was whether the king had the right to appoint bishops (heads of church districts) without the pope's approval. He won a decisive victory at Agincourt (now Azincourt), a village in northern France, and instantly became a hero in England. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. Charles had left Philip in charge of an unresolved war with the Muslim Turks, which had begun in 1551 over control of the Mediterranean Sea. 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